An empirical research article reports the results of a study that bases its conclusions on data derived from observation, surveys, interviews, measurements or experimentation. It can be quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods. They are published in peer-reviewed journals.
Non-empirical research is based on theory or analyzes data obtained by others, and includes theoretical articles, literature reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, editorials, and reviews. Learn more about empirical vs. non-empirical research.
Look for these parts of an article to determine if it is an empirical research article (exact terms may vary):
Method or Methodology: A description of how the research was conducted, including:
- Who were the participants
- Study design (the overall framework)
- How data was obtained from the participants (interviews, surveys, measurements, response to an intervention, etc.)
- What measures were used
Results: Describes the data obtained through the study and its statistical analysis.
Discussion: Contains the interpretations of the results and conclusions drawn from the data.
References: Citations of the information sources mentioned in the article (also called a bibliography or works cited)
How to find empirical research articles: Two databases have a filter for empirical research: PsycInfo and PsycArticles (the limit is listed under Methodology).
For other databases, you can add keywords to your search such as research, study, quantitative, qualitative, and NOT review or meta-analysis
Example:
Example of an empirical research article:
Example of a non-empirical article
Classroom management in higher education: A systematic literature review.
This FAQ is based on information written by Joy Lambert, librarian at Pollak Library, CSU Fullerton. Used with permission.
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